Concept: Dopamine

Single transient exposure to low-frequency low-intensity electrical stimulation produces ketamine-like effects in human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons via Ca2+-dependent BDNF and mTOR signaling
Electrical stimulation mimics ketamine's effects on dopamine neurons
April 21, 2026
Image Credit: Photo by National Cancer Institute on Unsplash (Source • License)
Cholinergic modulation of dopamine release drives effortful behaviour
How acetylcholine amplifies dopamine to motivate effortful behaviour
April 9, 2026
Image Credit: Photo by 5132824 on Pixabay (Source • License)